The Formation of Ice upon Exposed Parts of an Airplane in Flight

In order to experimentally study the conditions leading to ice formation on aircraft surfaces, an aircraft was equipped with small auxiliary surfaces and aerodynamic shapes similar to struts, wires, Pitot heads, etc. This airplane was flown at an altitude where a temperature of 32 F was encountered, at such times as cloud formations could be found at the coincident altitude. Here it was discovered that ice formed rapidly in regard to quantity,character, shape, and rapidity of formation. An examination of this data, which confirms observations of pilots, indicates that the weight of ice collected can very possibly be sufficient to force the airplane to rapidly lose altitude on account of the increased loads. However, it is more evident that the malformation of the aerodynamic shapes may so increase the drag and reduce the lift so as to produce a loss of altitude even greater in consequence, the combination of the two working in the same direction having a double effect. Other adverse consequences are noted. The recommendation for the guidance of those who must encounter these conditions appears to lie entirely along the lines of avoidance

The variation in pressures in the cockpit fan airplane in flight

The results of an investigation to determine the pressures in the open cockpit of a Vought VE-7 airplane are given. The observed values are small and the effect upon instruments is inconsiderable

Piloting technique for recovery from spins

Systematic flight investigation of the spinning characteristics of various airplanes over a period of several years have given the pilots engaged in the testing a varied and extensive experience. From this experience certain general rules of procedure have been formulated, particularly for the sequence of operation of the controls in recovery from spins, and are recommended to the attention of all pilots

Maximum Forces Applied by Pilots to Wheel-type Controls

Measurements were made of the maximum push, pull, and tangential forces that could be applied to airplane wheel-type controls for a wide range of fore-and-aft positions of the wheel. The measurements were conducted with several sizes of wheels and several heights of the center of the wheel above the seat. Various one and two-hand grips with pilots both secure and free were studied for each of the two pilots used in the investigation

Self-Efficacy and Adventure Programs: Transferring Outcomes to Everyday Life

In the field of outdoor education, the be­lief that outdoor adventure programs have the ability to increase the participants\u27 self-efficacy has long been. used to defend program existence and to give more credi­bility to the discipline (Berman & Ber­man, 1994; Cockrell, 1991; Ewert, 1989; Miles & Priest, 1990). Although outdoor adventure programs are based on the as­sumption that a positive effect on indi­viduals\u27 self-efficacy will carry over into the participants\u27 lives after the course, there is little empirical research on this topic. In Hattie, Marsh, Neill, & Richards\u27 (1997) meta-analysis of research on adventure programs, they point out the need to study the development of self­-efficacy and to test specifically for efficacy (rather than self-concept in general or self-esteem). They suggest using alter­native research designs to enhance the standard pre-test, post-test design so commonly used in our field. In this paper, we address the theoretical and methodo­logical issues raised by Hattie et al. (1997), as well as the question of the transference of self-efficacy gained on an outdoor adventure course to individuals\u27 everyday lives. The paper reports on a study of self-efficacy in adult Outward Bound participants, and the level of trans­ference of self-efficacy gains to everyday life

Spaceborne CO2 laser communications systems

Projections of the growth of earth-sensing systems for the latter half of the 1980's show a data transmission requirement of 300 Mbps and above. Mission constraints and objectives lead to the conclusion that the most efficient technique to return the data from the sensing satellite to a ground station is through a geosynchronous data relay satellite. Of the two links that are involved (sensing satellite to relay satellite and relay satellite to ground), a laser system is most attractive for the space-to-space link. The development of CO2 laser systems for space-to-space applications is discussed with the completion of a 300 Mpbs data relay receiver and its modification into a transceiver. The technology and state-of-the-art of such systems are described in detail

Summary of Group Development/ Group Dynamics Discussion

Summarizes the group discussion held following the keynote on group development and group dynamics

Fuel poverty, older people and cold weather: An all-island analysis

Executive Summary This report covers a number of different aspects of fuel poverty and older people. 1. An exploration of existing government survey data from Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland with a particular focus on older people and conducting additional targeted analyses where required. 2. An original survey in the Republic of Ireland exploring the lived experience of older people in cold weather. 3. A feasibility study of data logging thermometers placed in the homes of older tenants in local authority accommodation. 4. Analysis of excess winter mortality among older people including a consideration of differences between the two jurisdictions. Older people on the island of Ireland, as in many other countries, experience a ‘dual burden’ in terms of fuel poverty. They are more likely to experience fuel poverty and are also particularly vulnerable to health and social harm as a result of this experience. The numbers of older people vulnerable to ill-effects from cold homes will rise as numbers of people aged 80 and over, and those living with chronic illness or disability, increase. There were significant differences observed between expenditure-based, and subjective (EU-SILC) based fuel poverty indicators, for older people, and between Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland data. This data required careful interpretation. The higher levels of fuel poverty recorded for older people on the island of Ireland appeared to be driven by all aspects of the fuel poverty model - poor housing condition, energy inefficient housing, rising fuel prices and low income. The majority of older people live in their own home and these homes tend to be older properties which are detached or semi-detached. Older people on the island are over-represented among houses which are in poor condition and which lack central heating in both jurisdictions. Lacking central heating was a more common experience for older people in the Republic of Ireland than in Northern Ireland. Data on energy efficiency measures were not comparable North/South but similar patterns were observed. Older people were less likely than the general population to have attic/loft or wall insulation or double glazing. Older people were also vulnerable from an income point of view. This would seem to be a particular issue in Northern Ireland where rates of income poverty are significantly increasing. In both jurisdictions older people were heavily reliant on social transfers to keep them out of poverty. Coupled with this, there is evidence that many older people are not claiming their full entitlements. Oil dependency was a particular issue in Northern Ireland. Very significant increases were observed in the price of heating oil, as well as electricity and gas in recent years. There was little available research evidence on the relationship between the older consumer and heating oil suppliers

Strengthening the Foundations of Outdoor Education

A preface to the journal Research in Outdoor Education, volume 3 is presented by the authors on behalf of the Coalition for Education in the Outdoors (CEO) Research Committee